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shall vs. will

From ProofreadNOW:

The helping verb shall has largely given way to the verb will in all but the most formal writing and speech. The following rules reflect both ordinary and formal usage:

a. To express simple future time.

(1) In ordinary circumstances use will with all three persons.

  • I (or we) will be glad to help you plan the program.
  • You will want to study these recommendations beforehand.
  • He (or she, it, they) will arrive tomorrow morning.

(2) In formal circumstances use shall with the first person (I, we) and will with the second and third persons (you, he, she, it, they).

  • I (or we) shall be glad to answer all inquires promptly.
  • You will meet Matilda at the reception.
  • They (or he, she) will not find the trip too tiring.

b. To indicate determination, promise, desire, choice, or threat.

(1) In ordinary circumstances use will with all three persons.

(2) In formal circumstances use will for the first person (I, we) and shall for the second and third persons (you, he, she, it, they).

  • In spite of the risk, I will go where I please. (Determination.)
  • They shall not interfere with my department. (Determination.)
  • I will send my check by the end of the week. (Promise.)
  • We will report you to the authorities if this is true. (Threat.)
  • You shall regret your answer. (Threat.)
  • He shall study or he shall leave college. (Threat.)


c. To indicate willingness (to be willing, to be agreeable to) in both ordinary and formal circumstances, use will with all persons.

  • Yes, I will meet you at six o’clock.

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Source: The Gregg Reference Manual.

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